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LONDON Executives from Vodafone and CK Hutchison's Three UK unit said their 15 billion pound ($18 billion) merger

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A group of scientists and philosophers claim to have identified a “missing law of nature”, in a discovery which has huge implications for our understanding of how, basically, everything works. Most of us are familiar with the names – if not the intricacies – of many of the physical laws which govern the world and beyond, such as gravity and thermodynamics. And yet, no established physical law has been able to describe the behaviours of countless complex systems that exist across the universe – until now. In a paper published in the PNAS journal on 16 October, a multidisciplinary team from some of the US’s top institutes and universities, unveiled a new law claiming to do just that. In a nutshell, their law states that evolution is not limited to life on Earth, it also occurs in other massively complex systems – from planets to atoms. This means that these systems naturally “evolve” to states of greater diversity, and complexity. In other words, the researchers found evolution to be a common feature of the natural world's complex systems which, according to the Carnegie Institution for Science, comprise the following characteristics: “They are formed from many different components, such as atoms, molecules, or cells, that can be arranged and rearranged repeatedly “Are subject to natural processes that cause countless different configurations to be formed.” Only a small fraction of these configurations survive via a process of natural selection called “selection for function”. According to the researchers, regardless of whether the system is living or nonliving, when a new configuration works and function improves, evolution occurs. The authors' new law – which they have christened "the Law of Increasing Functional Information" – states that the system will evolve "if many different configurations of the system undergo selection for one or more functions." "An important component of this proposed natural law is the idea of 'selection for function,'" the study’s lead author, astrobiologist Dr Michael L. Wong, explained. The team’s research builds on Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which suggests the function exists to ensure the “survival of the fittest”. For their work, Dr Wong and his team expanded on this perspective, pointing to the existence of three types of this selection for function in nature. The first, most basic type, they claim, is stability – the stable arrangements of atoms or molecules which are selected to continue. Second, are dynamic systems which are selected for their ongoing supplies of energy. And the third, and most intriguing, function is "novelty" – the tendency of evolving systems to explore new configurations which can lead to surprising new behaviours or characteristics. Novelties are, ironically, nothing new. Indeed, life’s evolutionary history is rich with examples: photosynthesis evolved when single cells learned to harness light energy; multicellular life evolved when cells learned to cooperate; and species evolved thanks to advantageous new behaviours such as walking and thinking. The same type of evolution happens in the mineral kingdom, as the Carnegie Institution for Science notes in a release published by Phys.org. Indeed, Earth's minerals, which began with about 20 at the dawn of our solar system, now number almost 6,000 known today. This is thanks to the ever more complex physical, chemical, and biological processes which have occurred over the past 4.5 billion years. The paper also notes that just two major elements – hydrogen and helium – formed the first stars shortly after the big bang. Those earliest stars then used this hydrogen and helium to create around 20 heavier chemical elements, which was built upon by the next generation of stars. "Charles Darwin eloquently articulated the way plants and animals evolve by natural selection, with many variations and traits of individuals and many different configurations," co-author and research lead Robert M. Hazen explained. "We contend that Darwinian theory is just a very special, very important case within a far larger natural phenomenon. “The notion that selection for function drives evolution applies equally to stars, atoms, minerals, and many other conceptually equivalent situations where many configurations are subjected to selective pressure." The new law has a number of exciting implications, including a deeper understanding of how the Universe itself came to exist. It could also help explain how life differs from other complex evolving systems, and could help aid the search for life elsewhere. Furthermore, at a time when increasingly autonomous AI systems are of increasing concern, it’s very handy to have a law that characterises how both natural and symbolic systems evolve. It also offers insights into how we could artificially influence the rate of evolution of some systems which, again, could prove invaluable. The key point to remember, as Dr Wong put it, is that whilst life is the “most striking example of evolution”, it’s not the only one. Evolution, it transpires, is everywhere. Sign up for our free Indy100 weekly newsletter Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings.

Growing unrest in the Middle East has cast a shadow on global financial markets.

The bodies of at least 52 people have been recovered from the Congo River after their boat capsized late last week, a provincial minister said on Monday, warning that the death toll could rise further with many still missing.

SUNNYVALE, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Oct 17, 2023--

(Reuters) -Choice Hotels on Tuesday proposed to acquire Wyndham Hotels and Resorts for about $7.8 billion in a cash and

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A TikToker has captured people’s hearts after trying Indian food for the first time and having his mind blown. With Big Brother star Yinrun trying a crisp sandwich in a heartwarming moment, it’s always nice to see someone experience the joys of trying something for the first time in their lives. American TikToker @lukefoods recently had a similar experience as he went viral after enjoying the delights of onion bhajis, a garlic naan, butter chicken curry and gulab jamun. In his video, which has been viewed 9.5 million times, Luke could be seen sitting in his car having just picked up his takeaway order from an Indian restaurant. Luke first tried the onion bhaji, saying it reminded him of an onion ring. Next, he sampled the garlic naan, which is when his mind truly started to melt. After taking a bite, Luke said: “That seasoning is out of this world. It has a nice garlic parmesan taste and that is cooked to perfection. I’m not even joking. “It’s thin bread but it has so much flavour to it. In fact, this might be the best bread I’ve ever had in my life. 9.5.” @lukefoods Trying Indian Food For The First Time! Butter Chicken, Garlic Naan And More! Let’s See How It Taste! #indianfood #butterchicken #naan #garlicnaan #indian #foodreview #foodcritic #mukbang #mukbangeatingshow #indianfoodmukbang #viral #trending #fyp #fypシ #foodtok #foodtiktok #indianfoodblogger #indianfoodie #eating #eatingshow #food #longervideos #lifeontiktok #tiktokpartner #tastetest Luke then tried some of the butter chicken curry, where his wholesome reaction to the new flavour caught people’s hearts. He said: “Holy cr*p! This might be the best thing I’ve ever tasted in my life.” Luke rated the curry a 9.9 and said he was “blown away”, before dipping a piece of garlic naan into the sauce for a flavour sensation that “should be a crime”. In the comments, other TikTokers confirmed that Indian food is indeed fantastic and remarked on the “wholesome” nature of his review. One person commented: “Garlic naan dipped in butter chicken sauce is truly the best bite of food there is (in my opinion).” Another wrote: “Proper reaction to butter chicken.” Someone else said: “Me every time I eat Indian food.” “So wholesome,” another person wrote. Another said: “His vibe is immaculate.” Sign up to our free Indy100 weekly newsletter Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings.