Prices at the gas pump are suddenly surging, causing headaches for consumers and central bankers alike.

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A researcher has figured out that the Earth’s first continent was formed 3bn years ago, in a new paper that sheds fresh light on the early stages of the planet’s life. Jane Greaves, an astronomy professor in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Cardiff University in Wales, was examining continent formation on distant stars and planets. It is thought that exoplanets with continents that formed in a similar way to Earth’s are more likely to be habitable, and perhaps even contain alien life. In the process, she calculated when several distant planets’ continents were born, as well as those a little closer to home. Continents on Earth sit on top of the planet’s hot, viscous mantle. Heat from the inner core stops the mantle from solidifying. The reason the core is hot is because it contains radioactive elements that came from neutron star collisions billions of years ago such as forms of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium. By analysing how many materials like this are present on Earth and on other planets, we are also able to estimate when the continents formed. On Earth, that was about 9.5 billion years since the beginning of the universe. Meanwhile, in Greaves' sample, the first continents appeared 2bn years before Earth’s on the exoplanets of younger, so-called thin disk stars. Older, thick disk stars analysed in her work produced rocky planets with continents that appeared even earlier: about 4 to 5bn years before Earth’s. “The outlook seems very promising for finding rocky exoplanets with continents, given that nearby Sun-like stars have already produced a few candidate hosts,” she wrote. The study, “When were the First Exocontinents?” is published in Research Notes of the American Astronomical SocietySign up to our free Indy100 weekly newsletter Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings.

The fight for Premier League survival reaches its climax on Sunday with three clubs still scrapping for their top-flight lives. Two of Everton, Leicester and Leeds will join already-relegated Southampton in the Sky Bet Championship next season on what is set to be a dramatic final day of the campaign. Here, the PA news agency takes a look at what each club needs to happen if they are to avoid the drop. Everton Opposition: Bournemouth (h) Position: 17th Points: 33 Goal difference: -24 The equation is simple for the Toffees: win and their fears are over regardless of what happens elsewhere. Anything less could prove fatal. A draw would open the door for Leicester to leapfrog them on goal difference with a win, while Leeds could also overhaul them on goals scored with victory by three or more. However, Everton would be safe even in defeat if both the Foxes and Leeds failed to win. Leicester Opposition: West Ham (h) Position: 18th Points: 31 Goal difference: -18 Victory is the only option for Dean Smith’s men and even then, it might not prove enough. Leicester also need Everton not to win – defeat for the Toffees would keep them up by a point, while a draw at Goodison would edge City to safety on goal difference. Leeds Opposition: Tottenham (h) Position: 19th Points: 31 Goal difference: -27 Like the Foxes, Leeds must win and even then, they would have to keep their fingers crossed that both Everton and Leicester did not. In the event that Everton drew, they would need to make up three clear goals to leapfrog them. At the same time, Sam Allardyce’s men would have to achieve an improbable goal swing – they head into the weekend nine worse off – to edge past Leicester if they managed to beat West Ham. Read More Charity boss speaks out over ‘traumatic’ encounter with royal aide Ukraine war’s heaviest fight rages in east - follow live Jack Nowell rules himself out of England’s World Cup plans Dean Smith feels Leicester have put pressure on Everton ahead of final-day scrap Newcastle striker Callum Wilson set for England recall

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